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The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922) was a political event that occurred after World War I. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states.〔Roderic H. Davison; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 34, No. 1 (Mar. 1975), pp. 186–187〕 The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia (later Iraq) and Palestine (later divided into Palestine and Transjordan). The Ottoman Empire's possessions in the Arabian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Hejaz which was annexed by the Sultanate of Nejd (today Saudi Arabia), the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, while the Empire's possessions on the western shores of the Persian Gulf were variously annexed by Saudi Arabia (Alahsa and Qatif), or remained British protectorates (Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar) and became the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. After the occupation of Constantinople by British, French and Italian troops in November 1918, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. However, the Turkish War of Independence forced the former Allies to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Allies and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and solidifying most of the territorial issues. One unresolved issue, the dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over the former province of Mosul was later negotiated under the League of Nations in 1926. The British and French partitioned the eastern part of the Middle East (also called "Greater Syria") between them with the Sykes–Picot Agreement. Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia.〔P. Helmreich, ''From Paris to Sèvres'' (Ohio State University Press, 1974)〕 The Balfour Declaration encouraged the international Zionist movement to push for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Tsarist regime had also had wartime agreements with the Triple Entente on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire but after the Russian Revolutions, Russia did not participate in the actual partitioning. The Treaty of Sèvres formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the region, the independence of Yemen, and British sovereignty over Cyprus. The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical, cultural and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire led to the rise in the "Middle East" of Western powers, such as Britain and France. Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the Turkish national movement and became more widespread in the post-Ottoman states after World War II. == Background == The Western powers had long believed that they would eventually become dominant in the area claimed by the weak central government of the Ottoman Empire. Britain anticipated a need to secure the area because of its strategic position on the route to Colonial India, and perceived itself as locked in a struggle with Russia for imperial influence known as the Great Game.〔Fromkin, ''A Peace to End All Peace'' (1989), pp. 26–28.〕 As world war loomed, the Ottomans sought protection from the Great Powers. They were rejected by Britain, France, and Russia, and finally formed an alliance with Germany.〔Fromkin, ''A Peace to End All Peace'' (1989), pp. 49–50.〕 The partitioning was planned in several agreements made by the Allies early in the course of World War I,〔Paul C. Helmreich, ''From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920'' (Ohio University Press, 1974) ISBN 0-8142-0170-9〕 notably the Sykes-Picot agreement. These powers disagreed over their contradictory post-war aims and made several dual and triple agreements.〔Herbert Henry Asquith, (1923) ''The Genesis of the War''. p. 82〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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